Indigenous Traditions and Urban Self Governance

Indigenous Traditions and Urban Self Governance

The Constitution of India provided for special powers to certain regions to decide upon their local governance, according to their traditions and culture. The Constitution created two such categories through Article 234 under the Fifth and Sixth Schedules: Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas respectively. While PESA was passed in 1996 and panchayats have been formed under it, MESA still has not been passed. Yet, municipal governments have been formed in Scheduled areas. The conflict that municipal governance faces in Scheduled Areas is because of this lack of legislative protections.

Urbanisation is inevitable and is taking place in tribal dominated areas as well. Urban areas need governance systems which are geared towards their particular needs.

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Nagarpedia: Citizens Enabling Knowledge

Nagarpedia: Citizens Enabling Knowledge

According to the Census done in 2011, there are 4041 cities or towns in India that are governed by an urban local body or city government. Wikipedia has pages for approximately 2,539 cities and towns across the country. About 2/3rd of India’s 4041 cities have a Wikipedia page but 90% percent of those pages have very little information. Through Nagarpedia, Nagrika has been creating knowledge that can enable citizens across small cities with the belief that augmenting knowledge regarding small cities enables not just policy makers and businesses but also citizens, by providing a fuller representation of all the dimensions of a city.

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When in doubt, go to a library. But where are they?

When in doubt, go to a library. But where are they?

We are still a long way in India to making public libraries central to our urban existence. According to the 2011 census, India has only 4,580 libraries in urban areas, which roughly translates to one urban library for over 80,000 people. When you break down the types of libraries by sizes of towns, the picture is even more jarring. For our largest cities this number is dismal - one public library for almost 22 lakh people! The smallest of our towns which have the highest density of public libraries also have only one library for every 25000 people. As per the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) standards, there should be one public library for every 3,000 people.

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Fest of City Rankings: The biggest, the cleanest, the strongest

Fest of City Rankings: The biggest, the cleanest, the strongest

In the past decades, various indices have emerged examining multiple dimensions of city living such as the real estate, mobility, sustainability among others. We analysed twenty-one popular global city indices to understand their origin, their focus, how Indian cities fare and which Indian cities appear in these indices. While many of them compare cities on the basis of their current standing on a set of parameters, there are others which rank cities based on their future potential such as ability to attract human resources, capital or HNWIs. With India opening up its economy in early 1990s, Indian cities have also become centres of attraction for global capital. As a result, Indian cities have started figuring in many such indices. This Nagrika Speaks article analyses some such rankings in which Indian cities have featured.

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Tomorrow's Liveable Cities: Summary

Tomorrow's Liveable Cities: Summary

On 30th and 31st July 2020, we heard multiple perspectives at Arthan’s Tomorrow’s Liveable Cities which Nagrika help organize in partnership with BORDA. The conference brought to the fore the role of organisations in bringing all hands together and creating Tomorrow’s Liveable Cities. Based on the discussions and perspectives of the diverse practitioners from across various disciplines, we felt that three key themes emerged - Making people central to the cities, Using knowledge to improve our cities, and Enabling Organizations to serve citizens.

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...capital mistake to theorize before one has data

...capital mistake to theorize before one has data

It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts” says Sherlock Holmes. The present article also is an allusion to the importance of facts before findings - the historical link between data and decision making in cantonment towns.

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City Governments and COVID19

 City Governments and COVID19

It is necessary for city governments to be enabled to take on more and ensure the health of their residents. It is also imperative that the role played by our city governments builds on their competitive advantage of being the closest to citizens. Being the country with the largest number of locally elected representatives in the world, India has the opportunity to utilise this competitive advantage to make governance more localised. This would be aided by the relatively larger trust that the citizens place in local representatives as compared to other government agents like state level officials and police.

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Swachh Survekshan Ranking:  City (government) Proposes, Citizen Disposes

Swachh Survekshan Ranking:  City (government) Proposes, Citizen Disposes

Citizen participation is a crucial factor in the Swachh Survekshan. It takes into account how aware and active the citizens are in their city. The objective of citizens validation is to motivate the local governments and the citizens to collectively be responsible for keeping the city clean. The sample flyer created by #nagrika provides information related to the direct questions asked to the citizens.

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Big Ideas in Small Cities: Sustainable Solutions for Waste Management

Big Ideas in Small Cities: Sustainable Solutions for Waste Management

Innovative city solutions based on their context while also incorporating the common good practices such as enforcement of rules, imposing fines, creating awareness and building capacity of their human resources. Vengurla created a statement by converting its dump yard into a park to show the level of commitment towards cleaning the city. Allappuzha utilised a mix of technological innovation and community mobilisation and produced successful models of low cost household and community composting solutions. Ambikapur nurtured women-led SHGs and made them key to the waste management process. Through their waste management programs, small cities and towns across the country show us how collaboration, innovation, and addressing the context can create lasting change in our communities.

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To Cooperate or Not to Cooperate? That is the Question

To Cooperate or Not to Cooperate? That is the Question

Growth in cooperative banks reflects the trust communities and shareholders have shown in them. Is transforming into a commercial bank part of natural evolution for cooperative banks? Are they merely copying the business models and aspirations of commercial banks? In the face of lack of options, this is the only way for them to grow? Banking sector should introspect and search for these answers such that the growth in cooperative banks is not at the cost of the communities and those who need them.

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Nagar Trends: Power of a Nagar

Nagar Trends: Power of a Nagar

Nagrika has been conducting a pan-India mapping of the implementation status of 74th Amendment and municipal functions enshrined in the 12th Schedule. This is being done as part of a knowledge partnership project. The project is an urban governance study led by Praja Foundation, a non-partisan organisation working towards enabling accountable governance. Praja's initiative aims to advocate policy changes that will change the way Indian cities are governed. It is multi-year project in nature, with ground research as the foundation being used to form a pan-India network and influence change across the country. The Nagrika team have already visited 16 out of the 29 states, which are part of the study.

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What 2018 held for Urban India

What 2018 held for Urban India

2018 was (yet another) year of cities, big and small. It was in continuation of the many previous years through which cities (and citizens) have been resurging as a dominant political, economic and social unit, independent of their regional, state and national level identities. This has been a slow and steady but a definite process with various planned and unplanned factors contributing to the resurgence. These include political and constitutional provisions that gave greater powers to cities and citizens; evolution of government programs, their funding mechanisms and institutional structures; an increased sense of civic participation from citizens; limited capacity of centralised governance institutions to monitor and deliver; technological enablers such as internet and mobile phones. Bottomline-Cities are here to stay! Pun intended.

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Finding Citizens!

Finding Citizens!

Communities have evolved through multiple forms of political organisations where source of power is either in hands of one (monarch), a few (oligarchy), or many (democracy). Democracy, which literally means ‘power to the people’ was one of the early forms of political organisations that intended to give power to the citizens. It is interesting to note that it was communities and cities that provided the initial template for democracy that got translated at national level. Now we are coming back to conforming these templates at a city level. We indeed have come a long way where courts have to intervene to allow citizen's participation in functioning of urban local bodies from the times when the first urban local bodies in India could only be formed if residents of the city made an application for their formation. 

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How can a holistic O&M regime make Public Toilets in Small Cities Effective?

How can a holistic O&M regime make Public Toilets in Small Cities Effective?

An increased focus on sanitation in urban development and its role in public health have thrown the lack of adequate public toilet facilities into the limelight. Public Toilets are undergoing an evolution, where their role is being redefined to enable outcomes of dignity, empowerment, health and hygiene, business and tourism and good governance. Individual household toilets as well as community sanitary complexes (CSCs) were part of union government funding under previous schemes. Public toilets and Urinals which were not under the purview of such assistance earlier, are now included in the Central share under Swachh Bharat Mission’s (SBM) urban component.

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Are urban policies aligned with city hierarchies?

Are urban policies aligned with city hierarchies?

India presently uses multiple definitions to classify its urban centers. The first and most prominent definition is the one by the Census of India. It classifies towns in two categories, one based on legal statute and other on a mix of population size and economic functions. All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee are termed as statutory towns. All other places with a minimum population of 5,000, at least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits and a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km are termed as census towns.

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Is comparing Shimla to Nagpur like comparing Apples to Oranges?

Is comparing Shimla to Nagpur like comparing Apples to Oranges?

Not all cities are equal. Cities have different structures, different demographic make-up, different competitive advantages, and different sizes. Yet, the salient features of these cities – a system of production, distribution and consumption, infrastructure for connecting people, resources and markets, and economies of scale they create, may be similar. All cities provide a reason for people to be in that city but the reasons are different. To make meaningful policy decisions, then, it is important to classify these cities in a way that can allow for such varying reasons to be recognized as well as the ability of the government to provide for these reasons and needs. Having a logical classification of cities then can also help better design or modify policy to best suit the purposes and needs of a group of cities.

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Why talk (more) about Small(er) Cities in India?

Why talk (more) about Small(er) Cities in India?

Policy makers in India started discussing cities and urbanisation as a coherent strategy in last two decades with most discussions aiming at addressing the problems seen in its bigger cities. Our nightmares from these big cities such as traffic snarls, alarming pollution levels, parking woes, slums, and sprawl have been the driver of our policy actions for our small cities as well.

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